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KEY TAKE AWAY POINTS:
Atom is the basic building block of Matters
Atom is composed by 🔴Protons(+), 🟠Neutrons, 🔵Electrons(-)
Free 🔵Electrons(-) are tiny magic players for most electricity tricks
Current⚡ is the Flow of Free 🔵Electrons directed by Voltage🔋
Voltage🔋 is driving/pushing force for Current⚡(electrons flow)
Voltage🔋 as powering, also often as Signaling 🌡️📈0️⃣1️⃣
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The Atom and Elements
The Atom and Elements
1 water molecule H2O = 1 Oxygen atom + 2 Hydrogen atoms
1 oxygen molecule O2 = 2 Oxygen atoms
1 ozone molecule O3 = 3 Oxygen atoms
Matters
Matters
Anything that has mass and occupies space
States: Solid, Liquid, Gas
Composed of combinations of Elements
Molecules
Molecules
A group of atoms/elements bonded together
Molecule of different atoms is Compound
Described in Chemical formulas
- Carbon Dioxide -> CO2
- Water -> H2O
- Oxygen -> O2
- Ozone -> O3
Atoms
Atoms
Basic (not the smallest) building block of Matters
One type of atom makes an Element
About 109 basic elements in Periodic Table of Elements
- Carbon -> C (6)
- Hydrogen -> H (1)
- Oxygen -> O (8)
- Copper -> Cu (29)
- Aluminum -> Al (13)
The Periodic Table of Elements
Subatomic Particles: 🔴Protons(+), 🟠Neutrons, 🔵Electrons(-)
Subatomic Particles: 🔴Protons(+), 🟠Neutrons, 🔵Electrons(-)
Atom Model
Atom Model
Planetary Model, or Bohr Model, 1913
Quantum Model, by Erwin, 1926
Nucleus of Atom
Nucleus of Atom
🔴Protons(+), are Positive Charge(+) particles
🟠Neutrons, with "strong force" holding the protons together, overcome "Like-charges Repulsion"
- Protons and neutrons are made by even smaller particles called Quarks (quantum physics)
Electrons Cloud☁️
Electrons Cloud☁️
🔵Electrons(-) are lightweight 🔵Negative Charge(-) particles
Surround the nucleus, due to "Unlike-charges Attractions"
Not orbit in the same path, but closer to being spinning diffuse Electrons Clouds
Charged Particles
Charged Particles
Charges are the Particles with Electric Potentials, 2 types
🔴Positive charges (+)
🔵Negative charge (-)
Like-charges Repel each other
Unlike-charges Attract each other
Free 🔵Electrons(-): The Tiny Magic Players
Free 🔵Electrons(-): The Tiny Magic Players
Some materials, like copper, have Free 🔵Electrons(-) in outer shell of the atom, they easily drift randomly from atom to atom
Free 🔵Electrons(-) play most of the tricks of electricity (current, static electricity, flash, etc.)
Flow of Free 🔵Electrons(-) directed by electric potential difference (Voltage🔋) makes Electric Current⚡💡
Conductors
Conductors
Have lots of Free 🔵Electrons(-), and can pass through easily
Electric Current⚡ flows smoothly
How easy/how smooth? Different levels of Resistance
Insulators 🚫
Insulators 🚫
Have no Free 🔵Electrons(-), or a few but too hard to go through (high resistance)
Electric Current⚡ stops (sluta)
Conductibility: The Magic Wand
Conductibility: The Magic Wand
Conductibility differs among materials, and varies under conditions (Sensors!)
Resistor is made purposely as conductible as just enough
Semi-conductor enables the magic of digital intelligence 📱 💻 🎮
Super-conductor has 0 resistance
- Copper and Aluminum popularly for electrical wires
- Silicon widely used for chips
Conduct or block
Resistors in purposed conductibility
Smart sensors using varying conductivity
ICs/chips made by semi-conductors
All we focus in our learning are LOW voltage DC applications (3-5V) 🔋,
NEVER touch household power sockets (AC 220~380V)⚡!
Electric Circuit
Electric Circuit
Current is the flow of Free 🔵Electrons(-) in a "Closed Circuit"
"Open Circuit", no current flow
"Short Circuit", 🔥 DANGERIOUS!
Try to build a circuit in the simulator
Electric Current⚡
Electric Current⚡
Directional Flow of Free 🔵Electrons(-)
Driven by electric potential difference (Voltage🔋)
Measured in Ampere (A)
Electric Voltage🔋 (Potential Difference)
Electric Voltage🔋 (Potential Difference)
Driving/pushing force for Current (electrons flow)
Always as point-to-point difference
Measured in Volts (V)
Used as powering, also often as signaling
Reference low point often as GND (ground) / 0V
Resistance
Resistance
Measured in Ohm
Generates heats
Voltage as Signaling🌡️📈0️⃣1️⃣
Voltage as Signaling🌡️📈0️⃣1️⃣
Voltage/Current conveys energy/powering
- DC
- AC
Both Current and Voltage can convey information
- Voltage signal
- Current signal
Voltage as Signaling widely used
- 🙂Easy to manipulate (encode/decode)
- 🙂Easy to measure
- 😢Exposed to electromagnetic noise interference
Some Fun Animations
Some Fun Animations
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